Britain is under lockdown. But one year into the Covid crisis, many are unable to keep to the rules.

Last month Anna caught Covid-19. She’s unsure where she picked it up from but said it was likely “on the bus or on the Underground.” She lives in south London in a shared house and says that at first the virus left her exhausted.

“I had a lot of coughs, fever, fatigue… and dizziness,” she said. “And I [am taking a long time to recover] because this disease is very painful [and] horrible.”

But after staying home for a few days as she recovered from the disease, Anna decided to go into work, as she was only receiving partial pay.

UK government rules state that while recovering from Covid-19, patients should self-isolate for at least 10 full days.

“I only felt tired and [had] a headache,” she said. “That is why I went to work — I also couldn’t afford to stay at home because I received very little salary.

“I feel guilty that I went to work and infected more people, [but] I had no other option.”

“These numbers are moving a lot,” Harding told a parliamentary committee this week, adding that “circa 20,000 people a day” were currently not isolating. Harding said she was also concerned about people who were experiencing symptoms but had avoided being tested.

For the British government, the lack of compliance is a significant worry.

“My biggest concern is…the people who feel ill but don’t come forward for testing at all,” Harding said.

One popular stereotype paints lockdown breakers as young and irreverent people who insist on attending house parties and meeting friends.

“There’s so much emphasis on people not breaking the rules, but the majority are actually following the rules,” says Muge Cevik, a clinical lecturer in infectious diseases and medical virology at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland.

Their paper points to a successful test-and-care model in San Francisco, which helped people isolate by ensuring home deliveries of goods, among other measures. A similar scheme in New York, which allowed people to opt to isolate in hotels, is also singled out for praise in the article.

“In the majority of hospitalizations what we’re seeing is that the majority of infections are among key workers,” Cevik told CNN.

“We’re seeing huge outbreaks in warehouses, meat-packing plants, care homes … the only thing that combines these sectors are low-paid workers, likely to live in crowded houses.”

In September 2020, the UK government rolled out a new package to support those in self-isolation. Lower income earners having to stay home may be eligible for a payment of £500 if they face losing pay. The penalty for those breaching lockdowns also increased, with those caught now facing £1,000 ($1,370) fines.

“This new Test and Trace Support payment of £500 will ensure that those on low incomes are able to self-isolate without worry about their finances,” the UK government said in a statement in September.

Harding acknowledged during her committee appearance that lack of financial support was one reason that people failed to isolate.

Cevik and her colleagues believe more needs to be done, including offering those in crowded homes the chance to self-isolate in separate accommodation, to curb the virus’ spread.

“If someone has tested positive, [then] at the time of testing, we could be asking them ‘do you have space to isolate? And do you get sick leave?'” she says.

“These [resources] need to come as a package — income relief, sick leave [and] accommodation is needed.”

Anna says she would “of course” have stayed home if she had been given more support.

“I would have stayed home from the first day,” she told CNN. “I felt bad, but … low-wage workers had no choice.”

“I don’t blame people who are desperate, and [make that choice to work],” says Yaseen Aslam, president of the ACDU, a union representing private hire and courier drivers in Britain.

“I know a driver who had to isolate four times in two months, How does that work?” Aslam told CNN.

“The problem is, drivers are making at the moment £35 or £50 daily,” he adds. “The £500 [payment], yeah that’s good but the drivers are desperate.

“And when you’re in a desperate situation, you take risks. People are choosing between their life and just being out there.”

Uber, among other companies, has piloted a scheme to help protect drivers and passengers by installing partitions in 400 cars, as suggested by government guidelines. The pilot scheme was done in partnership with motoring assistance group, the AA, across Newcastle, Sunderland and Durham, in northern England. But outside the scheme, drivers must decide whether to pay to install the screens.

But one driver, who asked not to be named because he feared retribution from his employer, said he and his peers were not installing the screens as they simply could not afford to.

“This is a pandemic,” the man, who says he works as a driver in London, said. “It’s not going to last forever — why should I put that in if it’s not going to last forever?”

Aslam also works with the International Alliance of App-Based Transport Workers, an organization that brings together private hire drivers worldwide.

“I work with drivers in France, Amsterdam, San Francisco [and so on,]” he said. “We’re seeing these problems across the world. But no one is trying to help us.”

Early 2021 has been marked across Europe with an outburst of frustration against lockdowns, with protests being held across Austria, Hungary and the Netherlands. The Dutch demonstrations lasted for a few nights in late January and turned violent.

Anti-lockdown protesters have also taken to the streets in the UK, most notably in multiple demonstrations in November 2020. Dozens of people have been arrested during the marches, at which some protesters have shared conspiracy theories about Covid-19.

“If people feel vulnerable, then they will comply with lockdown rules,” Pamela Briggs, a professor of applied psychology at Northumbria University, told CNN. “For those who feel less vulnerable, then compliance becomes more of a matter of civic duty.

“If you’re going to make sacrifices then you have to believe they’ll be effective,” she adds. “The problem comes when people can’t understand why they are being asked to do these things… if people feel the rules don’t make sense, they’re more likely to challenge them.”

Briggs believes that people need to believe their sacrifice in staying home is worth the personal cost. The UK’s three lockdowns have, to various extents, helped to curb rising cases.

“We could make people feel that their sacrifices are genuinely having an effect,” Briggs said.

“There are ways to demonstrate the efficacy of lockdown and more should be done.”

One year into the Covid crisis, the UK government continues to use lockdowns as a last resort. Some good news awaits on the horizon — cases are beginning to drop and the country’s vaccine rollout has been widely praised. What officials now face is the challenge of helping people stay home, in the face of overwhelming mental and financial fatigue.